Gruppi multinazionali, regole di responsabilità e applicazione del DLgs n. 231/2001 a fattispecie internazionali di gruppo
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ABSTRACT: The purpose of this essay is to argue that an international approach, as opposed to a purely
domestic one, is especially appropriate and helpful for the purpose of correctly applying the Italian
legislation on quasi-criminal liability of legal entities (Legislative Decree 231/2001), in situations
involving companies belonging to a multinational group having links whit the Italian territory and/or
the Italian legal order. The starting point of the analysis is an overview of the scope and the underlying
rationale of the different liability rules affecting multinational groups of companies in a variety
of situations. In particular, reference is made to the liability rules in antitrust cases, in cross-border
insolvency cases ad in cases involving civil actions for the recovery of environmental or catastrophic
damages (including also consideration of the potential availability in common law jurisdictions of
the forum non conveniens doctrine). On the whole, the development of the analysis supports two
main conclusions, namely (i) in order to determine which legal entity among those belonging to a
multinational group may be sanctioned pursuant to the liability rules provided by Legislative Decree
231/2001, regard must be had to the applicable proper law governing the issue of the imputation link
between the individual having committed the criminal act and the legal entity on whose behalf or
service such individual must be deemed to have acted; and (ii) for the purpose of avoiding liability
under Legislative Decree 231/2001 on the ground that the criminal act was committed notwithstanding
an adequate surveillance system had been organized, implemented and put to work, multinational
groups are not mandatorily required to set up ad hoc survaillance bodies in accordance with Italian
local practice, but (in theory at least) are entitled to maintain their own multinational codes of conduct
or intra-group international compliance rules, provided always that the anti-criminal preventive
effect of such codes or rules may be shown to be equivalent to (i.e., not less stringent than) the Italian
surveillance models, as the latter have developed in the domestic practice.
KEY WORDS: Multinational group of companies, quasi-criminal liability of legal entities, liability rules in antitrust cases, liability rules in cross-border insolvency, liability rules in environmental and catastrophic cases, forum non conveniens doctrine, proper law of the imputation issue, codes of conduct or intragroup compliance rules of multinational groups. SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa – 2. Gruppi multinazionali e diritto antitrust: i casi Pasta di Legno e ICI – 3. Gruppi multinazionali e insolvenza transfrontaliera: il caso Eurofood – 4. Gruppi multinazionali e responsabilità della controllante in base alla teoria della mere instrumentality: il caso Amoco Cadiz – 5. Gruppi multinazionali, responsabilità della controllante e dottrina del forum non conveniens: il caso Bhopal – 6. Considerazioni fi nali e spunti per una lettura internazionale del DLgs n. 231/2001. |
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