Il regime politico di Argo e le sue istituzioni tra fine VI e fine V secolo a.C.: verso un’instabile democrazia
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1. Introduction.
2. The sixth century. 2.1 Literary evidence. 2.2 Epigraphical evidence.
2.3 According to Pausanias (II 19, 2), the king Meltas was deposed by the
demos: however he was not the last king of Argos, as we have evidence
about a basileus still in charge in the fifth century; it was just the end of
the Temenid dynasty. Approximately in the same time, inscriptions
attest a board of damiorgoi at Argos: probably, the Argive kings had lost
their effective power and thus a transition occurred in the first half of
the century from a monarchic rule to an aristocratic one.
3. The first three quarters of the fifth century. 3.1 Literary evidence. 3.2
Epigraphical evidence. 3.3 The introduction of the fourth tribe may be
connected to the enlargement of the citizenship after the battle of
Sepeia, providing the first step towards democracy. Although we know
very little about democratic institutions, inscriptions often record resolutions
of the council and particularly of the assembly. The ‘new citizens’
were partially thrown out of the city about 468 but this did not imply a
change in the institutions: also as a consequence of mixed marriages
between widows of the fallen at Sepeia and the ‘new citizens’, Argos was
from that time on its way to democracy.
4. The last quarter of the fifth century. 4.1 The Corinthian embassy to
Argos after Nicias’ peace (Thuc. V 27-28). 4.2 Additional proofs of
Thucydides’ inaccuracy about institutional matters (Thuc. V 37, 2-3);
and about the importance of the Argive assembly (Thuc. V 40-41; 59,5;
60,6; 61, 1). 4.3 Alliance between Argos, Athens, Mantinea and Elis
(Thuc. V 47, 9). 4.4 Military organization: the generals; the martial
court; the five lochoi; the Thousand. 4.5 Evaluations of the Argive government
(Thuc. V 29, 1; 31, 6; 44, 1). 4.6 The oligarchic revolution of 417.
4.7 The restoration of democracy and the last part of the fifth century.
5. Conclusion. The evidence we have about democratic institutions is
not complete. Nor can we safely assess when democracy was born:
Sepeia was definitely a turning point, but no evidence of democratic
institutions can be traced before about 480. We can say something more
about years between 421 and 417. At that time Argos was a democracy,
possibly a moderate one. But what is clear is that Argive democracy was
unstable, because of the persistence of a strong oligarchic faction, whose
members were able to occupy important offices.
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